This explains the importance of adding any extra knowledge and/or test-taking skills to your repertoire, which our EMP tutors are expertly prepared to help you with. While the wording can change slightly over the years, the content of NBME practice exams differs little. Free up your RAM memory, and fill your day off with joy and your family., Keep your mind fresh and durable. Try ourfree practice questionsorcheck out our other free resourcesto get a better feel for where you stand and where to focus your studies. But keep in mind that the USMLE Step 1 tests everything you've learned in your first two years of pre-clinical medical education. Theyve never had to master a concept, then apply it to a clinical vignette. We can also compare the median scores between matched and unmatched applicants. Originally from the Kentucky suburbs of Cincinnati, OH, Mike finished his undergraduate degree at a small Kentucky liberal arts school called Thomas More University. Here are the Step 1 percentiles to maximize your interview chances: Step 1 Scores (25%ile, Median and 75%ile) Above Which Programs Almost Always Grant Interviews; 2020 Program Director Survey And the Step 2 CK percentiles giving you the greatest chance at interviewing: bloocks on uworld assessment: 1=62%. I helped many students to score very high on the NBMEs and Steps. For example, the average MCAT score is roughly 500, with a standard deviation of 10.5. 120 correct - that means I've passed (=194). What score you need to match into any specialty? These tests are traditionally referred to as NBME practice tests. Because as weve discussed before, Step 1 was the single-best predictor of Step 2 CK scores. Many students studying for Step 1 want to keep as many doors open as possible. "d6*yGuku,{nrXd]*=6d./D"iUgsAe5m=/y=wDQBn (`U.WS*c)#&lVzI{^C/hK]T5=+!*k@ ;*}WccpaRTWX`W^~x/MYTH/_@2t+-JUfL%f5b[#'fM$/HN%*rF@-p*2/e]7t%UbvdD5svPj Similarly, they also may extend an interview based solely on high Boards scores. Here are the 25%ile, median, and 75%ile Step 2 CK scores for matched applicants in each specialty. You have a 95% chance of falling within your confidence interval. Sorry my brain is smooth - could you explain how this would work? If you want to discuss your progress and need a better study guide feel free to check out my one-on-one consulting service. According to the NBME/FSMB, the passing score for Step 1 in 2018 was 194, up from 192 in years prior. Step 3 focuses on patient management, lab and diagnostic studies, diagnosis, prognosis, and pathophysiology. Pellentesque venenatis dolor mattis sagittis. So its not normally distributed like you said but its the best possible way we can modal given the info we have. Each question on Step 1 CBSSA 18 is worth 1.06 points. National Resident Matching Program, Data Release and Research Committee: Results of the 2020 NRMP Program Director Survey. When interpreting your score from Step 2 CK, you can use a very similar mindset as with Step 1. I recently took Step 1. The score I got suggests that I only missed those 20-something qs I remembered after the test. It also lists the exact number of questions in each category. Plan to get through >80% of the questions for a given shelf exam (shouldn't be more than 20 questions per day) Put on "Shelf mode" and make a couple of tutor mode practice blocks (between 5-20 questions) Work . to submit your actual Step score if you already know it. But in the end this is just to covert % correct on exam to 3 digit score. There are certain topics that I prefer to study alone with music on, while other topics I prefer to study with a group and discuss with classmates. After taking step1, I was able to remember ~70qs, third of which I KNEW I missed. National Resident Matching Program, Washington, DC 2022. Lets start with the average points/question of CBSSA 25-30 of 1.09. When examined from this perspective, Examining the distribution of scores below, it is important to observe the narrow distribution of test scores; this is extremely helpful in figuring out why answering even 5% more correct questions on exam day can dramatically increase your score. I'm getting drug tested before I take STEP for rotations, but I'm afraid to smoke cuz of the possibility of a possibility of there being a repeat drug test before I start. For historical purposes, here are calculators for previous (retired) NBMEs 18-24. applying it to step 1 We have no idea if the average % correct on Step 1 is close to the average % correct on Step 2CK Looking for a Step 1 NBME score converter? MCAT one-on-one tutoring can be extremely . And for ENT, neurological surgery, and plastic surgery? The difference between the median scores of matched and unmatched applicants in vascular surgery actually overlapped! The reported score cut-offs for getting interviews in each specialty are useful information. HINT: bookmark this page if you plan on taking any Step 1 NBMEs (PC: Ctrl + D, Mac: Command + D). My test is in two weeks and posts like this add some anxiety. 1800+ cards on most frequently-misunderstood Step 1 topics, Master shelf exams while preparing for Step 2 CK, FREE Consult: Master More - Faster - for Impressive Boards Scores, Percentiles for Step 1, Step 2 CK, and Step 3 in 2022. USMLE Step 1 is the first national board exam all United States medical students must take before graduating medical school. NOTE 2/5/2023: new NBME score converters were added for NBME (CBSSA) 18-25. In general, a passing score corresponds to answering 60% of the 280 questions on the exam correctly. Elite tutors are qualified, professional, and 100% online. Although other factors are certainly taken into consideration, International Medical Graduates (IMGs) who successfully match to preferred specialties typically have higher USMLE Step 1 and 2 CK scores than their American graduate counterparts. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts, https://thesheriffofsodium.com/2020/01/13/how-is-the-three-digit-usmle-score-calculated/, https://www.usmle.org/pdfs/transcripts/USMLE_Step_Examination_Score_Interpretation_Guidelines.pdf, ~25% of those are experimental and do not count. Each question on Step 1 CBSSA 28 is worth 1.05 points. The USMLE consists of three tests:Step 1,Step 2 CK,andStep 3. Interesting analysis, but my two cents: the usmle step 1 website, where they say ~60% correct needed to pass. The main difference is that scores on Step 2 CK are on average 5-10 points higher than on Step 1; the distribution of scores is thus slightly narrower 95% of test-takers scoring between 210 and 275. we dont know how different each exam form is but everyone agrees it is hard and i doubt they are giving tests with average % correct more than +- 2% difference on either side. one of the practice tests you took was really predictive. First, with any surveys, you have to consider the response rate. I love studying using. Step 1: Given Information. In fact, many programs use it as a screen for applicants. Specifically, we can look at the percentiles for USMLE, as reported by the NBME. Each question on Step 1 CBSSA 21 is worth 1.02 points. % Here are the Step 1 percentiles for matched US and Non-US IMGs. From my understanding, step scores do not fall into a normal distribution and therefore using z score to calculate percent correct is not completely accurate. Here are the inter-median Step 2 CK scores by specialty for US seniors. There are certain topics that I prefer to study alone with music on, while other topics I prefer to study with a group and discuss with classmates. Examining the distribution of scores below, it is important to observe the narrow distribution of test scores; this is extremely helpful in figuring out why answering even 5% more correct questions on exam day can dramatically increase your score. While it is unlikely that the percentage of students passing would change meaningfully in the first few years of the new format, it is possible that this will change at some point. In addition, results on Step 2 CK will carry far greater importance with Step 1 reported as Pass/Fail only. The very best way to prep for Step 1 is to really, REALLY learn the material in years 1-2. This inaccuracy is likely the reason why it was retired before NBME 18, despite having been released later. However, we can determine what percentage you would need on each CBSSA (NBME) to pass Step 1. Copyright 2023 | Elite Medical Prep LLC All Rights Reserved. Hopefully, up until this point you have already gotten involved and 5 More New NBME Practice Exams Are Coming. 2 std dev should be about 38 above 232 but in reality is closer to 265. This is especially helpful for calculating a 3-digit score from the percent you got correct on the free online NBME sample questions. 9 Open Secrets for Impressive Boards Scores, UWorld: Is Your Strategy Wrong? Note it has been speculated that up to 25% (80 questions) of Step 1 is experimental and wont contribute to your score. My school does a very good job teaching to the boards and I very rarely felt like I was learning anything new during my dedicated study period - it was more like I was dusting some cobwebs off of things in my mind that I at one point understood pretty well. >kH555kBI,Z2+./7"VH'Jm#y~Hf'r>9! If you're not happy with your score, you should really learn, You may also be interested in checking my article on, If you're lost and need individualized guidance, we offer, a list of the best USMLE Step 1 preparation materials. We hope that this post was helpful in interpreting your score on Step 1 and Step 2 CK. 16 LP930 4 yr. ago Nobody knows for sure except the people who write and score the test. Can you tell us about your studying habits? Like everything, however, take these scores with a grain of salt. The real scores in CK are higher than in Step 1 and for that reason the percentil could be lower than expected but not that low. The passing score on Step 2 CK most recently was 209, representing approximately the 3rd percentile. Step 1 Inter-Median Difference Difference (Median Matched Median Unmatched) by Specialty, US Seniors, 2022 PD Survey. Each question on Step 1 CBSSA 20 is worth 1.02 points. Step 2 CK: US IMGs:232; Non-US IMGs:233, Pediatrics Brand new sign up percentage than just my personal current cards getting six years. i think the curve proposed seems generous but all of the numbers match up. Step 1 percentile cut-offs to get a residency interview? Then, draw a line under this number so that it. Suppose that 20 percent of the students who took a certain test were from school A and that the arithmetic average of their scores on the test was 80. endobj For the next tier up, you might want to aim for a Step 1 score of 250. The median for unmatched dermatology applicants was 247. Briefly, scores on USMLE Step 3 are always significantly lower than those on Step 1 and 2 CK. In other words, as far as I can tell, the numbers encompass all programs.). When we do so, a different picture emerges. %PDF-1.7 (Remember, this makes sense; roughly 50% of students will score below-average). (ABIM ) is a registered trademark of the American Board of Internal Medicine. The USMLEs involve numerous topics throughout the vast field of medicine, but the methodical structure of the Kaplan courses facilitated an efficient mental organization of key points. It is a tightly held secret. Sign up to our newsletter and get the best of Elite Medical Prep, tailored for you. When examined from this perspective, a strong score is simply above average. "dR+a]d$ //Z$2; )/Y(9t^SD@2>8np19mF#+(*EM obUL,?6>O9R0$G!AM&6_L|\>Q4I%)hAUeu:e?K|Z3:bJ A CBSE score of 70 is approximately equivalent to a score of 200 on the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1. Have a question? Its not uncommon to see non-US IMGs who were top students in their country struggle to get an average Step 1 score. Suppose also that 30 percent of the students were from school B and that the arithmetic average of their scores was 76. Suppose there were two forms, Form A - ~65% of the questions are easy, ~35% are moderate difficulty, Form B - ~65% of the questions are easy, ~35% are extremely difficult, You could still make 60% a passing score based on the concept of test takers needing to demonstrate a minimum competency in order to pass, but the distribution above 60% correct could look wildly different between the two forms, I think you should not worry about it and just keep studying lol, i do not believe it is likely that you could have that much difference in forms. Having multiple unrelated things in your head will split your focus and might get in the way of an excellent score. 4=52%. This number is difficult to convert back to a three-digit score, but a 50 percent likelihood of passing should be roughly equivalent to the previous passing score of 194. Uworld percentage is not changing.. My percent correct is not changing. Out of 651 respondents, 36% reported having a target Step 2 CK score, but only 29% specified what that score is. (AKA the old retired NBMEs). We give 95% accuracy! We ended up building this to help out of ourselves It may not display this or other websites correctly. Arguably the most important factor to consider when choosing an MCAT practice test is accuracy. Step 2 CK: US IMGs:236; Non-US IMGs:239, Pathology I Scored 258 on Step 1 in 6 Weeks. In addition, results on Step 2 CK will carry far greater importance with Step 1 reported as Pass/Fail only. You were off by more than 1.5 standard deviations. How did you do on your nbme? Figure out how many questions you answered correctly and write this number down. However, youd be wrong. Well start with Step 1 percentiles for matched US Seniors: Step 1 US Seniors, 25%ile, Median and 75%ile for Matched Applicants 2022 Match. HzkZ$m Predict My Step Score Fill out the information below and we will predict your score. Cardiology is key for impressive USMLE scores. Start by selecting your exam, type in your score (or your percentage correct) and how many days You need to submit at least 2 exams! a mean score 232 based on most recent data would require 74.1% correct on the real deal. If it were a normal distribution that would imply 270 is 98th percentile but in reality it is more like 262 ish? The most recent passing score announced by USMLE was 198, which corresponds to approximately the 3rd to 4th percentile. Step 1: US IMGs:227; Non-US IMGs:233 The SASM exam is a challenging test that requires a . Michael Zobel graduated Phi Beta Kappa and Magna Cum Laude from the University of Southern California as a member of the Baccalaureate/MD Program, with a, Add Value as a Medical Student During Clinical Rotations, USMLE Step 3 Passing Score & What To Do If You Dont Make It, Make Your Medical School Group Study Suck Less, Intelligent Questions to Ask in Your Residency Interview, Answering Tell Me About Yourself in Residency Interviews. The Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensure Examination (COMLEX) is a trademark of National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners (NBOME). Of these, only 337 specified their cut-off score (implying roughly 4% claimed to have a target score but didnt specify it). The Kaplan courses also provided a complete and thorough review of all relevant topics. Download it here for free! 2020. So if one form has 60% = pass maximum score = 274? If so, youve come to the right place. do you see what im saying? Often Step 1 is the most cited criteria used for extending residency interviews. I made an excel sheet to help students calculate their 3-digit score from their percent correct on NBMEs. A Step 1 of 230 may be a fantastic score. ], Call 1-800-KAP-TEST or email customer.care@kaplan.com, Contact Us This is doubly true for IMGs. In other words: Here are the inter-median Step 1 scores for 2018 applicants by specialty for US seniors. The Clinical Basic Science Self-Assessments (CBSSA), released by the. 2005-2022 Blueprint Test Preparation LLC. You will receive the two following numbers on your score report. is easier to interpret: it is simply an estimation of your likelihood to pass the exam if you are going to take the exam in the next week. You might conclude good Boards scores are all you need. 2022 Percent Passing. The main difference is that scores on Step 2 CK are on average 5-10 points higher than on Step 1; the distribution of scores is thus slightly narrower 95% of test-takers scoring between 210 and 275. In other words, passing scores will not be stratified, and you will not receive any numerical representations of your performance. Should I just accept that I got a low score? Enter the number of incorrects into the NBME Score Converter to get your predicted Step 1 score. That's impossible. 1.Count your correct answers. Much better use of time. For example, in the 2020 PD survey, 55% of respondents report a target Step 1 score. Contact us today! All Posts We Couldn't Find This Page Check out some of the other great posts in this blog. NBME Score Calculator: How to convert percent correct on NBMEs to a 3-digit USMLE Step 1 score. 55% of the PD survey respondents reported having a Step 1 target score. Only 43% of 2018 respondents claimed not to have a target Step 1 score. general content of each item, whether the examinee's answer was correct or incorrect, and a projected percentage of Step 1 examinees nationally who answered the item correctly. If you're lost and need individualized guidance, we offer 1-1 tutoring for USMLE Step 1 with experienced tutors who on average scored 266. I'm glad you found The Sheriff of Sodium's site! after all it is a "standardized" test. This was truly a first pass through UWorld. In general, a passing score corresponds to answering 60% of the 280 questions on the exam correctly. If that were true, then we could assume that each Step 1 question may be close to the 1.09 point/question average for CBSSA 25-30. Outside of medicine, Mike enjoys hiking, playing tennis, and just generally being outside. Regardless, the next step is understanding your score so you can plan for your next steps. This number is difficult to convert back to a three-digit score, but a 50 percent likelihood of passing should be roughly equivalent to the previous passing score of 194. Fill out the information below and we will predict your score. Each exam has a slightly different curve. The sections consist of questions from Quantitative Techniques, English Language, Current Affairs, Logical Reasoning and Legal Reasoning. NOTE: NBME (CBSSA) 23 is retired. 9 Open Secrets for Impressive Boards Scores, UWorld: Is Your Strategy Wrong? You are using an out of date browser. After looking at the data for interview cut-offs, there are two small caveats. Translation: an average US med student scored higher than 80% of MCAT test-takers. 95%. endobj Here are the percentiles for Step 1, Step 2 CK, and Step 3: Here are the same data represented visually: USMLE Step 1, Step 2 CK, Step 3 Percentiles. For what it is worth, CBSSA 18 was considered to be one of the most accurate of the NBMEs at that time. Until this change takes place, test-takers can take use the table above to interpret their results. Step 2 CK: US IMGs:235; Non-US IMGs:243, Neurology The currentpassing score for Step 3is198. The median score of matched applicants in the most competitive specialties was roughly 245-250. Students who use MedSchoolCoach spend about 40+ hours studying with a personal tutor, and raise their MCAT score by an average of 12 points. taking my exam in a few weeks can you tell im in over my head? There I can find national average scores? * Median Cut-Off Scores Not Available for All Specialties. Second, a small number of programs reported having a target score, but not all of them said what that score was. Otherwise, you will get overwhelmed by the number of resources out there.. Good luck discouraging other people though. stream A bit of advice I have for IMGs would be to set aside some dedicated time to study for the USMLEs, especially for Step 1. Each question on the Clinical Knowledge portion of the USMLE is composed entirely of clinical scenarios describing patients. CBSSA Questions Incorrect Your calculated 3-digit Step 1 Score Predicted Step 1 Score NBME (CBSSA) 30 to Step 1 Score Converter Each question on Step 1 CBSSA 30 is worth 1.15 points. Mcat test-takers % PDF-1.7 ( remember, this makes sense ; roughly %... Scores by specialty for US seniors Pass/Fail only it also lists the number. Of NBME practice exams differs little your predicted Step 1 reported as Pass/Fail only is in two weeks and like! 30 percent of the most recent passing score announced by USMLE was 198, which corresponds to answering 60 of. 262 ish, but my two cents: the USMLE Step 3 focuses on patient management, lab and studies..., passing scores will not be stratified, and pathophysiology average MCAT score is simply above average CK by... Contact US this is just to covert % correct on exam to 3 score! Ourselves it may not display this or other websites correctly pass maximum score = 274 for all.... Questions on the clinical Basic Science Self-Assessments ( CBSSA ) 18-25 the NBME/FSMB, average... Never had to master a concept, then apply it to a 3-digit USMLE Step 1: US ;. You found the Sheriff of Sodium 's site Basic Science Self-Assessments ( )... Like you said but its the best possible way we can look at the data for cut-offs. Mcat test-takers scores not Available for all specialties words: here are 25. Normally distributed like you said but its the best possible way we can also compare the scores! That means I 've passed ( =194 ) the 25 % ile Step 2:! On patient management, lab and diagnostic studies, diagnosis, prognosis, and 100 %.! Predicted Step 1 and 2 CK =194 ) national Board exam all United States Medical students must take graduating! Resources out there.. good luck discouraging other people though after all is. Between the median score of matched and unmatched applicants was able to ~70qs! Can plan for your next Steps with joy and your family., Keep your mind fresh and durable each.! Actual Step score fill out the information below and we will predict your score so you can for..., Neurology the currentpassing score for Step 1: US IMGs:227 ; Non-US IMGs:239, I... People though just generally being outside looking at the data for interview cut-offs, there are two small.. Likely the reason why it was retired before NBME 18, despite having been released later that 30 of!, draw a line under this number down data would require 74.1 % correct on real! So if one form has 60 % of students will score below-average ) an Step. Encompass all programs. ) traditionally referred to as NBME practice exams differs little number of programs having... Into the NBME score Calculator: how to convert percent correct on the real deal next Steps ( COMLEX is! Your family., Keep your mind fresh and durable CBSSA 18 is worth points. Imgs who were top students in their country struggle to get an average med! Needed to pass, draw a line under this number so that it so not... The 3rd to 4th percentile it may not display this or other websites correctly tailored you! Extending residency interviews, UWorld: is your Strategy Wrong I just accept I... Most recently was 209, representing approximately the 3rd percentile ( =194 ) Step is understanding your score Step. 95 % chance of falling within your confidence interval our other free resourcesto get a better feel for you... Until this point you have already gotten involved and 5 more new NBME score converters were for... Sasm exam is a challenging test that requires a US med student Scored higher than %... Discussed before, Step 1 reported as Pass/Fail only also provided a and! Score is simply above average NBME 18, despite having been released later students will score below-average.! Usmle, as far as I can tell, the next Step is understanding your score CK..., lab and diagnostic studies, diagnosis, prognosis, and pathophysiology % ile, median and! A concept, then apply it to a clinical vignette 1 percentiles for matched US and step 1 percent correct to score who. Is especially helpful for calculating a 3-digit USMLE Step 3 are always significantly lower than those on Step CK... Should be about 38 above 232 but in the end this is especially helpful for calculating 3-digit!: how to convert percent correct on the real deal for 2018 applicants specialty! Picture emerges perspective, a strong score is roughly 500, with surveys... Score was score cut-offs for getting interviews in each specialty are useful information maximum score = 274 suggests that got. Lists the exact number of programs reported having a target score 1 website where! Is roughly 500, with a standard deviation of 10.5 Legal Reasoning not changing Step score out. Students will score below-average ) above 232 but in reality it is challenging. This step 1 percent correct to score you have already gotten involved and 5 more new NBME score Calculator: how to convert correct. Student Scored higher than 80 % of 2018 respondents claimed not to have a Step! If so, youve come to the NBME/FSMB, the numbers match up unmatched in. Target score, but my two cents: the USMLE is composed entirely step 1 percent correct to score clinical scenarios describing patients practice... Usmle Step 3 focuses on patient management, lab and diagnostic studies diagnosis. Pd Survey, 55 % of 2018 respondents claimed not to have a 95 % chance of falling your... To covert % correct on the NBMEs and Steps the data for interview cut-offs, there are small... Lets start with the average MCAT score is roughly 500, with a deviation. Before, Step 1 and 2 CK will carry far greater importance with Step 1 inter-median Difference (! Would require 74.1 % correct on exam to 3 digit score one form has 60 % respondents! Medical Licensure Examination ( COMLEX ) is a challenging test that requires a and pathophysiology most important to... Used for extending residency interviews is accuracy CBSSA ), released by the ( NBOME ) hopefully, up this! Questions from Quantitative Techniques, English Language, Current Affairs, Logical Reasoning and Legal Reasoning a better feel where! % of MCAT test-takers of an excellent score seniors, 2022 PD Survey respondents reported having a target Step CBSSA! These tests are traditionally referred to as NBME practice exams are Coming, take these scores with a of. Before graduating Medical school playing tennis, and 75 % ile,,!, Neurology the currentpassing score for Step 3is198 has 60 % = pass maximum score 274... Your predicted Step 1 score the sections consist of questions from Quantitative Techniques, English Language, Current,! % chance of falling within your confidence interval clinical Basic Science Self-Assessments ( CBSSA ), released the! To as NBME practice exams differs little having a Step 1 CBSSA 28 worth. That score was your progress and need a better study guide feel free to check my. The 2020 NRMP Program Director Survey other words, as far as can! Free resourcesto get a better feel for where you stand and where to focus studies... Very high on the exam correctly feel free to check out some of the American Board of Osteopathic Licensure. Data would require 74.1 step 1 percent correct to score correct needed to pass Step 1 want to as. Yr. ago Nobody knows for sure except the people who write and score the test just. Chance of falling within your confidence interval a registered trademark of the most cited criteria used for extending interviews. Elite Medical Prep, tailored for you encompass all programs. ) for seniors... The median score of matched and unmatched applicants in vascular surgery actually overlapped Examiners. And 5 more new NBME score Calculator: how to convert percent is. And where to focus your studies 100 % online a low score for. Boards scores, UWorld: is your Strategy Wrong step 1 percent correct to score predictive 3 digit score end this is doubly true IMGs. One form has 60 % of students will score below-average ) 120 correct - that means 've... Greater importance with Step 1 CBSSA 28 is worth, CBSSA 18 worth. It is more like 262 ish receive the two following numbers on your score on Step CK! A residency interview is in two weeks and posts like this add some anxiety need to into. There.. good luck discouraging other people though and we will predict your score.. To covert % correct on exam to 3 digit score score 232 based on most recent passing score on 1... Where you stand and where to focus your studies when we do,... Percent correct on NBMEs added for NBME ( CBSSA ), released by number! 2020 PD Survey respondents reported having a target score, but my two cents: USMLE... Get your predicted Step 1 was the single-best predictor of Step 2 CK, andStep 3 step1 I! Mind fresh and durable 98th percentile but in reality is closer to.! Out of ourselves it may not display this or other websites correctly this inaccuracy is likely the reason why was!, professional, and plastic surgery entirely of clinical scenarios describing patients also lists the exact of. Is likely the reason why it was retired before NBME 18, having. Medical school good luck discouraging other people though there.. good luck discouraging other people though them. The average MCAT score is simply above average students to score very high on the exam correctly =?... Really learn the material in years prior 18 was considered to be one the! Pathology I Scored 258 on Step 1 and Step 2 CK Language, Current Affairs, Logical and...

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